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The Tupperware Queen

July 2, 1957. At the annual Tupperware jubilee in Florida, company VP Brownie Wise is admiring her handiwork. 1,200 people have convened on her private island for a luau鈥攃omplete with live lobsters, orchid leis and prizes for Tupperware鈥檚 top sellers. Most of the people here owe their job to her. That's because Brownie perfected a sales strategy that has made the innovative plastic product famous. Not to mention a cash cow. She's famous, too: Fortune and CBS News have hailed her as a savvy corporate leader. But tonight, at this fabulous celebration of the company's glittering success, storm clouds are gathering. How did a single mom from Michigan turn a simple household product into a juggernaut? And how did all go wrong?

Special thanks to our guests: Alison Clarke, design history professor at University of Applied Arts - Vienna and author of Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 1950s America; and Bob Kealing, author of Life of the Party: The Remarkable Story of How Brownie Wise Built, and Lost, a Tupperware Party Empire.

Two Fathers, One Fight (Replay)

June 21, 1998. Father's Day. At the Church of the Atonement in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, Jon and Michael Galluccio are ready to tie the knot, in front of family, friends, reporters, and one lone picketer. The Galluccios are already public figures鈥攁 few months earlier, they had secured the right for gay and unmarried couples to jointly adopt children. And today, they pull up to their wedding in a minivan, with their son in tow: as a family. How did this family come together? And how did their son's adoption end up changing the lives of other families all across the country?

Ma Rainey's Mic Drop

June 12, 1928. The great Blues singer Ma Rainey steps up to the microphone at a studio in Chicago. She鈥檚 there to record a scandalous song called 鈥淧rove It On Me Blues.鈥� It鈥檚 her answer to the rumor that she鈥檇 once attended a party with a bunch of other half-clothed women 鈥� a party that got busted by the cops. It鈥檚 a rumor she doesn鈥檛 deny. The song is just the latest of Rainey鈥檚 boundary-pushing moves. Her audience, and her record label, eat it up. How did Ma Rainey talk about sex and sexuality through the Blues? And in the America of that time, how was a boldness like hers even possible?

Special thanks to our guests: Darryl Bullock, author of Queer Blues: The Hidden Figures of Early Blues Music, which will be published this July; Dr. Steven Lewis, curator of Music and Performing Arts at the National Museum of African American History and Culture; and Dr. Tyina Steptoe, history professor at the University of Arizona and host of 鈥淪oul 黄瓜视频直播鈥� on KXCI Tucson. Thanks also to Dr. Cookie Woolner, history professor at the University of Memphis and author of 鈥嬧�婽he Famous Lady Lovers: Black Women & Queer Desire Before Stonewall, which will be published in September.

Mary Shelley Brings Frankenstein to Life

June 10, 1816. A storm settles over Lake Geneva, Switzerland. Stuck inside a romantic villa, five writers grow restless. Then one of them issues a challenge: Who among us can write the most terrifying ghost story? The group includes two of the most accomplished poets of the day 鈥� Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley. But it鈥檚 Percy's lover, Mary, who creates an enduring masterpiece: the novel Frankenstein. How did Mary Shelley draw from her life to write this harrowing story? And why have we been talking about it for more than two hundred years?

Special thanks to our guest, Charlotte Gordon, author of Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft & Mary Shelley.

FDR Tries to Pack the Court

June 1, 1936. The Supreme Court hands down its last decision of the term. The justices have dealt blow after blow to President Roosevelt鈥檚 New Deal legislation, and today is no different: they rule against FDR again. It鈥檚 the last straw. Roosevelt is going to do something drastic 鈥� try to reshape the Supreme Court itself. Will FDR鈥檚 bold move get him what he wants? And how will the Court try to stop him?

Special thanks to our guests: Laura Kalman, professor of history at the University of California, Santa Barbara and author of FDR鈥檚 Gambit: The Court Packing Fight and the Rise of Legal Liberalism; and Michael Nelson, political science professor at Rhodes College and author of Vaulting Ambition: FDR's Campaign to Pack the Supreme Court. Thanks also to Clare Cushman, resident historian at the Supreme Court Historical Society.

Bonnie and Clyde鈥檚 Final Ride

May 23, 1934. On a muggy Louisiana morning, Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow speed toward the Texas border. They鈥檝e been on the run for over a year鈥攚anted for robbery and murder鈥攁nd the lurid news accounts of their exploits have made them famous. But today, Bonnie and Clyde鈥檚 legendary crime spree comes to an end 鈥� in a hail of bullets. Why did some come to view these Depression Era outlaws as agents of chaos the country needed? And what was the real motivation behind their crimes?

Special thanks to our guest, John Neal Phillips, author of Running With Bonnie and Clyde: The Ten Fast Years of Ralph Fults.

A Teenage Girl Saves France

May 16, 1920. Tens of thousands of people surround St. Peter鈥檚 Basilica to honor Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who died nearly five hundred years before. Joan鈥檚 feats in battle鈥攁nd her visions of God鈥攈ave become legendary since her heyday during The Hundred Years War. And today, the Catholic Church is making her a saint. But Joan was a real person 鈥� and while many supported her during her lifetime, many others wanted her dead. Who was this curious figure? And how did her faith turn the tides of a seemingly endless age of violence?

Special thanks to our guests: Nancy Goldstone, author of The Maid and the Queen: The Secret History of Joan of Arc, and Charity Urbanski, associate history professor at the University of Washington.

The Spy Who Fooled the FBI

May 10, 2002. Former FBI agent Robert Hanssen is sentenced to life in prison without parole. His crime? Selling scads of top-secret information to the Soviets 鈥� and later, the Russians 鈥� over 22 years. How did Hanssen get away with his deception for so long, which led to the deaths of operatives working for the United States? Was he a criminal mastermind 鈥� or just a guy with incredible luck?

Special thanks to our guests: Elaine Shannon, author of The Spy Next Door: The Extraordinary Secret Life of Robert Philip Hanssen, the Most Damaging FBI Agent in U.S. History, and Eric O'Neill, author of Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy.

The World鈥檚 First Budget Airline Takes Off

May 6, 1949. On the runway at Lindbergh Field in San Diego, a scrappy upstart called Pacific Southwest Airlines, PSA, is about to take its first flight. PSA is a budget airline鈥攖he world鈥檚 first. Other jet age carriers will offer luxury in the sky, but PSA does not. It鈥檚 exploiting a loophole in the American flight system to do things very differently. How did PSA manage to offer flying to ordinary people at prices they could afford? And how did it force an entire industry to reimagine itself?

Special thanks to our guests: Mary Boies, former fellow on the Senate Commerce Committee, White House staffer, and general counsel to the Civil Aeronautics Board; Jim Patterson, early PSA employee, and eventually its vice president of operations; and Michael Roach, former lawyer at the Civil Aeronautics Board.

A Concubine Rises to Rule China

April 27, 1856. In Beijing鈥檚 Forbidden City, one of the emperor鈥檚 consorts, a woman named Cixi, has given birth to a son 鈥� the emperor鈥檚 first heir. This landmark event is met with mass celebration. But in just five years time, the emperor will be dead and Cixi will be planning a coup to take power for herself. How will she ever succeed?

Special thanks to our guests: Jung Chang, author of Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China and Professor Ying-chen Peng, author of Artful Subversion: Empress Dowager Cixi's Image Making in Art.

The Civil Rights Children鈥檚 Crusade

April 20, 1963. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. walks out of Alabama鈥檚 Birmingham Jail after being held for a week for peacefully protesting. He spent most of that time writing a letter that passionately defends the civil rights movements鈥檚 nonviolent tactics. But despite King鈥檚 passion, the movement鈥檚 progress has stalled. King needs a major victory in Birmingham, but he鈥檚 running out of people willing to risk their livelihoods and safety for this cause. So a new tactic starts taking shape: recruiting young people to protest. After all, kids have the least to lose and the most to gain from a more equal future. But King says the risk is too high. So what changes his mind about putting kids on the front lines? And how did the Children鈥檚 March shift Americans鈥� support of civil rights?

Special thanks to our guests: Children鈥檚 Crusade participants Jessie Shepherd, Janice Wesley Kelsey, and Charles Avery. And Ahmad Ward, former head of education at the Birmingham Civil Rights Institute and current Executive Director at Historic Mitchelville Freedom Park.

Ping Pong Diplomacy

April 10, 1971. A team of ping pong players leaves Hong Kong to step across a border and become the first group of Americans welcomed to China in over 20 years. These competitors find themselves becoming unlikely diplomats at the center of a media frenzy, and at the heart of one of the 20th century鈥檚 major geopolitical shifts. How did table tennis turn into a powerful tool of foreign policy? And how did these athletes leave an impact that went far beyond the ping pong table?

Special thanks to our guests: professional table tennis athletes Judy Hoarfrost, Olga Soltesz, and Connie Sweeris; Yafeng Xia, senior professor of social science at Long Island University Brooklyn, and author of Negotiating with the Enemy: U.S.-China Talks during the Cold War, 1949-1972; and Nicholas Griffin, author of Ping Pong Diplomacy: The Secret History Behind the Game That Changed the World.

148 Tornadoes in 18 Hours (Classic)

April 3, 1974. Across America, many people wake up this morning thinking it will be a normal day. But in the next 24 hours, almost 150 tornadoes will hit the United States. It will be then the largest tornado outbreak in the nation's history. Why did so many deadly tornadoes hit on this one day? And how did it spur life-saving changes that are still with us decades later?

This episode originally aired in 2021.

Thank you to our guests Greg Forbes, former severe weather expert with the Weather Channel, and Atmospheric Sciences professor, Jeff Trapp, from the University of Illinois.

Bunnies, Baseball, and Aliens on the Moon

April 1, 2023. In honor of April Fools鈥� Day, we give you three historical tales of the bluff and the bamboozle. An autumn day in 1726, when an English peasant gives birth to something mysterious 鈥� and furry. Mets spring training in 1985, as the world meets an otherworldly baseball player with a superhuman arm. Finally, the summer of 1835 in NYC, when a scrappy start-up of a newspaper starts a frenzy about its exclusive: there鈥檚 life on the moon! Along the way, we鈥檒l learn what it takes to pull off a convincing hoax. And how we can avoid being duped ourselves!

Special thanks to our guests: Karen Harvey, professor of cultural history at the University of Birmingham and author of The Imposteress Rabbit Breeder: Mary Toft and Eighteenth-Century England; Jay Horwitz, former PR director and current VP of Alumni Relations for the New York Mets; and Matthew Goodman, author of The Sun and the Moon: The Remarkable True Account of Hoaxers, Showmen, Dueling Journalists, and Lunar Man-Bats in Nineteenth-Century New York.

Fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

March 25, 1911. It鈥檚 quarter to five on a Saturday鈥攃losing time at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. Someone on the cutting room floor lights a cigarette鈥� that ignites a pile of scraps. Over the next fifteen minutes, hundreds of workers scramble to escape the top floors of this ten-story building by smoke-filled stairwell, crammed elevators, and an overloaded fire escape. 146 of them don鈥檛 make it out. How was this tragedy set in motion years before the fire itself? And how did reforms passed in the wake of the fire change the workplace for all of us?

Special thanks to our guests: Kat Lloyd, vice president of programs and interpretation at New York's Tenement Museum, and David Von Drehle, author of .

The Tragic Life of London鈥檚 Favorite Clown

March 17, 1828. The celebrated clown, Joseph Grimaldi, rises from his sickbed. Once London鈥檚 most energetic performer, he鈥檚 gradually been crippled by decades of pratfalls and acrobatics. He can barely manage the short walk to Sadler鈥檚 Wells theater, where he鈥檚 about to star in a final show. Grimaldi dresses backstage as if he鈥檚 in a daze, burdened by a lifetime of personal sorrows. And yet, when the curtain rises, he鈥檒l summon the old strength. He鈥檒l entertain this last of his countless audiences and send them home happy 鈥� unlike the clown himself. Who was Joseph Grimaldi? And how did he blend humor, irreverence, and humanity to fundamentally change comedy?

Special thanks to our guests, Andrew McConnell Stott, author of The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi: Laughter, Madness and the Story of Britain鈥檚 Greatest Comedian, and Naomi Shafer, Executive Director of Clowns Without Borders USA.

Axis Sally鈥檚 Nazi Radio

March 10, 1949. Defendant Mildred Gillars arrives at a courthouse to hear her verdict. To trial-watchers, she鈥檚 known as Axis Sally鈥攖he American woman who broadcast Nazi propaganda from Berlin during World War II. In taunting tones, she spent years pushing anti-Semitic and anti-Allies messages aimed at weakening the morale of American soldiers. But Gillars insists that she鈥檚 misunderstood, even innocent. That she鈥檚 an artist, she loves her country, and was forced to do what she did鈥� or die. How did a struggling actress from Maine become a potent weapon of the Nazis? And is there a way to understand the choices that she made?

Special thanks to our guests, Richard Lucas, author of Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany, and Michael Flamm, professor of history at Ohio Wesleyan University. Thanks also to the Veterans History Project at the Library of Congress.

The Flight of the Concorde

March 2, 1969. French pilot Andr茅 Turcat takes to the skies above Toulouse-Blagnac airport. He鈥檚 flying an odd-looking plane: long and slender with triangular wings and a bent-down nose like a bird of prey. It鈥檚 called the Concorde 鈥� a jet designed to move supersonic flight from military to civilian use. If it works, paying passengers will be able to cross continents and oceans at fantastic speeds while sipping glasses of champagne. The crowd below watches, mesmerized, as Turcat puts the plane through its paces. Concorde aces the test and now, as they say, the sky鈥檚 the limit. How did this space age technology, born of the Cold War, usher in one of the most glamorous eras of commercial flight? And what caused it to come to an end?

Special thanks to our guest, Mike Bannister, author of Concorde: The Thrilling Account of History鈥檚 Most Extraordinary Airliner. Thanks also to the folks at the Brooklands Museum.

The Cold War Gets A Wall

February 22, 1962. The city of Berlin is cut in half by a concrete and barbed wire wall. On the west side, U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy is giving a rousing speech when suddenly, what look like balloons explode above the crowd, revealing Soviet-red flags. 鈥淭he Communists will let the balloons through,鈥� Kennedy says. 鈥淏ut they won鈥檛 let their people through!鈥� Meanwhile in the east, the streets are quiet. The people on both sides of the wall live in its shadow. They are family members and former neighbors, many of them wondering, 鈥淚s this really here to stay?鈥� How did Berlin become the bitter borderland in the global propaganda war between the United States and the Soviet Union? And why did it take so long for the Berlin Wall to come down?

Special thanks to our guest, Hope Harrison, professor of history and international affairs at George Washington University and the author of Driving the Soviets up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953-1961.

The Apollo Theater is Reborn

February 14, 1934. When Adelaide Hall steps onstage at the Apollo Theater, she鈥檚 greeted by an audience unlike those she鈥檚 experienced before. Hall is already famous鈥攕he鈥檚 been on Broadway and performed at Harlem鈥檚 Cotton Club. But those theaters are segregated. The Apollo has just recently opened its doors to Black audiences, and Hall鈥檚 performance there helps put the revamped theater on the map. It marks the beginning of the end of segregated shows. In this roundtable discussion with the Apollo鈥檚 resident historian and its executive producer, we explore how this 88-year-old theater with 1,500-seats helped catapult some of the nation's best-known performers to stardom, and how it forever changed American music.

Special thanks to our guests, Kamilah Forbes, the Apollo Theater鈥檚 executive producer, and Billy Mitchell, its historian and tour guide.

Correction: As of publication, The Apollo is 89 years old.

Anatomy of a Campus Heist

February 11, 2005. FBI agents bust down the door of a cinder block house near the University of Kentucky campus. Amid flash grenades and screaming teens, they arrest three students 鈥� plus a fourth student in a nearby dorm. The crime? Stealing almost $750,000 of rare books and manuscripts from the library at Transylvania University. Why did four freshmen decide to actually go through with their real life version of Ocean鈥檚 Eleven? And how did they plan to get away with it?

Special thanks to our guests, BJ Gooch, retired special collections librarian; Eric Borsuk, whose memoir is called American Animals: A True Crime Memoir; and Tom Lecky, rare book and manuscript specialist.

Britain Axes the Monarchy

January 30, 1649 / 1661. London, 1649. King Charles I lays his head on a chopping block. The axe falls and, soon with it, the monarchy. What follows is Parliament鈥檚 grueling effort to set up a functioning republic 鈥� one of the first in history. It will be led by Oliver Cromwell, a brilliant military leader who becomes the country鈥檚 most powerful man. But on January 30, 1661 鈥� exactly twelve years after the death of Charles I 鈥� royalist forces will use the same method to take their revenge: a beheading. Who was Oliver Cromwell, the man who led Britain鈥檚 brief experiment in life without a king? And how did it all go wrong?

Special thanks to our guests, Martyn Bennett, professor of early modern history at Nottingham Trent University and author of several books including Cromwell at War: The Lord General and His Military Revolution; and Peter Gaunt, professor of history at the University of Chester and author/editor of books including two Cromwell biographies, both entitled Oliver Cromwell.

The Dogs Who Saved Nome, Alaska

January 27, 1925. Musher 鈥淲ild Bill鈥� Shannon and his team of sled dogs race off into the frigid Alaskan night. He鈥檚 carrying a package of life-saving serum, wrapped in fur to keep it from freezing. There鈥檚 no time to waste: nearly 700 miles away, in the snowed-in town of Nome, children are dying of diphtheria. Twenty mushers and hundreds of dogs are about to take part in an almost superhuman effort to ferry desperately needed medicine across the howling Alaskan wilderness. Who were they, and what did they endure to reach their goal? And as they pressed on, how did their efforts grip the nation?

Special thanks to our guests, Pam Flowers, author of Togo and Leonhard, and Bob Thomas, author of Leonhard Seppala: The Siberian Dog and The Golden Age of Sleddog Racing 1908-1941.

From Cautionary Tales: Martin Luther King Jr, the Jewelry Genius, and the Art of Public Speaking

Here鈥檚 a special episode of Cautionary Tales, a podcast from our friends at Pushkin Industries. On Cautionary Tales, bestselling author Tim Harford shares stories of human error, natural disasters, and tragic catastrophes from history that contain important lessons for today. In today鈥檚 episode, we鈥檒l learn about civil rights icon Martin Luther King Jr and jewelry store owner Gerald Ratner. The two offer starkly contrasting stories on when you should stick to the script and when you should take a risk. Hear more from Cautionary Tales at .

Tuskegee Top Gun

January 11, 2022. Lt. Col. James Harvey arrives at Nellis Air Force base in Nevada for the first time in 73 years. He鈥檚 there to accept a plaque celebrating the last time he was there鈥攆or the Air Force鈥檚 first ever weapons competition. Back then, Harvey and the other Tuskegee Airmen on his team had squared off against the best military pilots around. They tackled high-skill tests of simulated aerial warfare鈥� and they won. But over the decades, the official record of their victory was lost or neglected. Who were these exceptional Black pilots? And what did it take to rescue their accomplishments from obscurity and bring them into the light?

Special thanks to our guests: Lt. Col. James Harvey III and Lt. Col. Harry Stewart Jr. Lt. Col. Stewart is the co-author of Soaring to Glory. Thanks also to Zellie Rainey Orr, author of Heroes in War, Heroes at Home, and to Daniel Haulman, retired historian at the Air Force Historical Research Agency and author of Misconceptions about the Tuskegee Airmen, to be published in February 2023.

Uncovering Tutankhamun

January 3, 1924. Archeologists crowd into an ancient Egyptian tomb to uncover what awaits them in the unopened burial chamber. The world is waiting to find out. That鈥檚 because two years before, the discovery of the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun revealed antiquities so dazzling that a media frenzy ensued 鈥� newspapers, newsreels, and Hollywood movies vied to show audiences these wonders of ancient Egypt. Now, lead archaeologist Howard Carter pushes open the door to find a majestic stone sarcophagus. Inside lies Tutankhamun, whose regal face of gold and azure blue has lain in darkness for millennia. He鈥檚 about to meet the new century 鈥� and dazzle the world anew. How did an unknown pharaoh become a sensation? And how did a modern revolution change the fate of Egypt's most precious artifacts?

Special thanks to our guests, Professor Christina Riggs, author of Treasured: How Tutankhamun Shaped a Century, and Heba Abd el Gawad, Heritage Specialist and Museum Researcher at the Institute of Archaeology, University College of London, and researcher with Egypt鈥檚 Dispersed Heritage project.

End of Year Pitch-A-Thon

December 26, 2022. For the first time, a behind-the-scenes look at a key part of the History This Week episode-making process. Today, we鈥檙e inviting our listeners to pull up a chair and join one of our pitch sessions. Usually, an editor consults with the team to choose which story we'll be telling in a given episode. But this time鈥� you'll decide! So listen, vote, and maybe win some History This Week swag. Tune in to learn how we make history.

All voting should be sent to our email, HistoryThisWeek@history.com. Remember, your options are Julia (Henry Ward Beecher), Emma (Axis Sally), Corinne (Jane Fonda), and Ben (CD-ROM). Please only include the producer's name in the subject line. We do not accept any unsolicited ideas or pitch material. Thanks for a great year of listening!

The Surprising History of Christmas Gifts

Christmas Eve, 1913. For months, newspapers have been trumpeting an urgent message: Do your Christmas shopping early. It would be easy to assume this was the work of greedy department stores and slick ad companies. But it wasn鈥檛 鈥� at least not at first. It started as the rallying cry of a labor reformer who was striving to improve the lives of retail workers. Ever since, Americans have been wrestling over the values at the heart of holiday shopping. But even the most earnest efforts at reform have backfired, time and again. How did Christmas gifts become a thing in the first place? And what were some of the spirited attempts to make the holiday shopping season merry for all?

Special thanks to our guests: Jennifer Le Zotte, professor of history and material culture at the University of North Carolina - Wilmington; Ellen Litwicki, professor emerita at the State University of New York at Fredonia; and Paul Ringel, professor of history at High Point University and author of Commercializing Childhood.

Samuel Adams Brews Rebellion

December 16th, 1773. Samuel Adams sits in a crowded meeting of American colonists at Boston鈥檚 Old North Church. He鈥檚 watching small groups of men slip quietly out the door. Once outside, the men don disguises and make their way toward three ships moored in the harbor 鈥� each weighted down with chests of valuable British East India tea. The men climb aboard, tear open the chests and dump the tea in the water. Cheers fill the winter night. Back at the meeting, Samuel Adams waits. There鈥檚 nothing directly tying him to this radical act of rebellion 鈥� but few doubt he鈥檚 behind it. How did a chronic underachiever help light the fuse of the American revolution? And why has this important Founding Father largely been forgotten?

Special thanks to our guest, Stacy Schiff, author of The Revolutionary: Samuel Adams.

Irving Berlin鈥檚 Musical Revolution

December 8, 1914. Crowds pour into the New Amsterdam Theater to see the opening night of a new show, 鈥淲atch Your Step.鈥� It鈥檚 the first full-length revue written by the popular young songwriter, Irving Berlin. His songs show off Berlin鈥檚 signature wit and simplicity, but also his musical sophistication. As his fellow composer, Jerome Kern, would later put it: "Berlin has no place in American music鈥攈e is American music.鈥� Who was Irving Berlin? And how did he utterly transform American songwriting?

Thanks to our guests: James Kaplan, author of Irving Berlin: New York Genius; Laurence Maslon, arts professor at NYU鈥檚 Tisch School of the Arts and host of the radio show "Broadway to Main Street" on WLIW; and Katherine Barrett Swett, English teacher, poet, and granddaughter of Irving Berlin and Ellin Mackay.

A Meteorite Hits Ann Hodges

November 30, 1954. At about 12:45 in the afternoon, a space rock comes plummeting through the roof of a house in Sylacauga, Alabama. It bounces off a standup radio, ricochets around the living room, and collides with the thigh of Mrs. Ann Hodges, who鈥檚 been napping on the couch. Newspapers declare: 鈥渆xperts agreed unanimously that Mrs. Hodges was the first person known to have been struck by a meteorite.鈥� What happened to this space rock after it crashed to Earth and thrust itself into volatile human affairs? And what happened to the human beings whose lives were upended by this rarest of rare events?

Thanks to our guests: Dr. Julia Cartwright, planetary scientist at the University of Alabama; Billy Field, professor at the University of Alabama and screenwriter; and Julie Love Templeton, attorney in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.

Dr. Cartwright is involved in a number of art/science collaborations to engage and educate the public about meteorites and planetary science. You can find out more on her website, JACartwright.people.ua.edu. Keep an eye out for Billy Field鈥檚 latest project, TheStoryAcorn.com, which launches in January 2023. The website will feature history from the Civil Rights movement, told by those who lived it. The website teaches students to gather stories from their own communities and share them with the world. Thanks also to Mary Beth Prondzinski, and to the Alabama Museum of Natural History.

The Ballad of Blackbeard

November 22nd, 1718. Early morning, off the North Carolina coast. The pirate Blackbeard, peering over the rail of his ship, is startled to discover that a pair of British naval ships are after him. He rouses his hungover crew and gives the order to flee to the open sea. The pirating life is treacherous: filled with double-crosses, shifting alliances, and violence. The best pirates cultivate harsh reputations in order to scare their foes into surrendering without a fight. And no one is feared more than Blackbeard. But now the authorities have decided to hunt him down. How did Blackbeard become a legend, the one pirate we all remember? And where lies the truth within this treasure trove of stories?

Special thanks to our guest, Eric Jay Dolin, author of Black Flags, Blue Waters: The Epic History of America's Most Notorious Pirates. Dolin鈥檚 latest book is Rebels At Sea: Privateering in the American Revolution.

The Inca's Last Stand (Replay)

November 16, 1532. Atahualpa, the king of the Inca Empire, marches towards the city of Cajamarca in modern-day Peru, surrounded by 80,000 soldiers. Once he arrives, Atahualpa expects the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro to surrender in the town square. But Pizarro has a plan of his own. With just 168 men, he will unleash a trap that destroys the Inca Empire, and brings thousands of years of indigenous rule to a violent end. What was happening in the Andes before Pizarro arrived that allowed this to take place? And when history is written by the victors, how do we know what鈥檚 really true?

Two Shawnee Brothers Hold Their Ground

November 7, 1811. William Henry Harrison and his troops are camped near the Wabash river. They鈥檝e been told to keep the peace鈥攂ut Harrison wants land, and he鈥檚 come here to try and take it. Less than a mile away is a flourishing Native American settlement called Prophetstown. It鈥檚 led by Tecumseh, a skilled diplomat and warrior, and his brother Tenskwatawa, whose religious teachings have attracted indigenous people from across the newly-formed United States. Before dawn, these two sides will be in a battle that ends with one of their settlements burned to the ground. How did a future president exploit this conflict to catapult himself all the way to the White House? And how did Prophetstown become the most powerful alliance of Native American military, spiritual, and social forces to ever take on the US government?

Thanks to our guests, Chief Ben Barnes; Peter Cozzens, author of Tecumseh and the Prophet: The Heroic Struggle for America鈥檚 Heartland; and Stephen Warren, author of The Shawnees and Their Neighbors, 1795-1870. Chief Barnes and Stephen Warren are co-editors of the book, Replanting Cultures: Community-Engaged Scholarship in Indian Country. Look out for Cozzens鈥� forthcoming book, A Brutal Reckoning: Andrew Jackson, The Creek Indians, and the Epic War for the American South.

Thanks also to Douglas Winiarski, author of Darkness Falls on the Land of Light: Experiencing Religious Awakenings in Eighteenth-Century New England; and to Adam Jortner, author of The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier.