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Before people typed addresses into Google maps, travelers charted their course by the sun and moon and other celestial bodies. When radios failed, and bad weather rolled in, the celestial navigational methods of Mary Tornich Janislawski helped save lives, especially during World War II.

The daughter of Italian and Yugoslavian immigrants was born in San Francisco on June 9, 1908, two years after that city’s great earthquake. As a child, she wore an aviator helmet sewn from scraps of felt. In her 20s, Mary worked in a candy factory to put herself through the University of California, Berkeley, and in astronomy. Eventually, Janislawski pioneered the field of navigation in a similar way that Amelia Earhart shattered the boundaries of flight.

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From Precocious Student to Prized Teacher

Like , NASA’s brilliant mathematician celebrated in the film “Hidden Figures,” Janislawski could out-calculate any male classmate. In the mid-1930s, she was discovered by Captain Philip Van Horn Weems, “the Grand Old Man of Navigation” who taught Charles Lindbergh to navigate and Admiral Richard Byrd to fly. Weems patented dozens of navigational instruments like the and took Janislawski under his wing as a protégé when navigation was dominated by men.

Janislawski taught Weems’ nautical and aerial navigation methods as an adjunct professor at U.C. Berkeley, Stanford and Polytechnic College of Engineering in Oakland in the late 1930s. She became the first female associate of the worldwide Weems System of Navigation, Inc. and was declared America’s “most outstanding woman teacher of aerial navigation” in 1940 by the .

Janislawski teaching navigational formulas at King City Army Air Corps base, circa 1940s.

Among Janislawski’s most famous navigation students was Fred Noonan, who disappeared over the South Pacific with Amelia Earhart in 1937 when they tried to circumnavigate the globe in a Lockheed Model 10 Elektra. Others who relied on Weems and Janislawski’s methods included U.S. General Jimmy Doolittle, leader of the World War II bombing raid over Tokyo, and polar explorers Admiral Richard Byrd and Lincoln Ellsworth.

Those who knew Mary remembered her as a conduit of ancient techniques to the modern world.

According to , one of the pioneers of the development and operation of Global Positioning Systems, Mary Janislawski was a founding member of the Institute of Navigation as navigation transitioned from professional art to science of the modern world.

“Understanding both the art and science of navigation, Mary helped shape the agenda of meetings for navigation to advance to a modern capability. Recognizing the importance of the U.S. effort, the British proceeded with a Royal Institute of Navigation patterned after the U.S. Institute,” says Green.

Janislawski Trains Cadets During World War II

Mary was teaching at Stanford University when Pearl Harbor was bombed in December 1941 and the United States officially entered World War II. Though the peace-minded instructor hated war, she earned her stripes as a civilian “super-super teacher,” wrote journalist Ruth Schmidt who cast Mary into the national spotlight. 

Using protractors and sextants, Janislawski made navigation fun, and only a handful of students failed to pass their C.A.A. exams. Janislawski’s daughter Mi Mi Janislawksi says students never forgot her mother’s approachable teaching style or the squeaky rubber airplane that she kept on her desk to get the class’s attention.

During the war, Janislawski taught some 4,000 cadets how to plot their positions at King City airport in Mesa Del Ray, California. Decades later, 82-year-old former student, Joseph H. Casey wrote, “If we were a Band of Brothers, Mary was truly a Sister to us.”

Janislawski worked at Alameda Naval Air Station to train women in the U.S. Navy’s WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) program in flight simulators for celestial navigation and prepared Navy fliers for missions from carriers and bases in the Pacific under radio silence. In the 1950s, Transocean Airlines and Pan American World Airways engaged Janislawski to map Pacific routes.

Crafting Lunar Maps for Apollo Astronauts

Janislawski's career spanned 40 years, during which she taught nautical navigation and then transitioned to creating lunar maps for Apollo astronauts.

In the last phase of her career, Janislawski contributed to the burgeoning space age by creating lunar grid maps to help the Apollo astronauts navigate the surface of the moon. In 1970, at the Institute of Navigation national space meeting at Ames research center, she applied her celestial navigation methods to provide NASA with a roadmap to navigate any planetary body—from Mars to yet-to-be-discovered planets. In 1972, Janislawski was the first woman awarded the Superior Achievement Award from the for helping generations of sailors, pilots, and astronauts make their way home.

When Janislawski died on June 16, 1998,  at age 90, she was posthumously honored as the first female Fellow of the Institute of Navigation. The Maritime Research Center of San Franciso at Maritime National Historical Park honors Janislawski by featuring her family’s brass sextants and compasses mounted in antique wooden cases.

In a condolence letter dated August 1, 1999, to her daughter, former student , U.S. Air Force Command pilot credited for flying more command missions of any U.S. Army Air Force pilot during World War II and who was awarded six Flying Crosses, summed up his instructor’s impact on navigation.

“Not only did your Mother train pilots how to fly in the sky above and return, BUT she developed a new and altogether different way to navigate in outer space and safely return. This made interplanetary travel possible,” wrote Ford.

“As your ‘Mom’ always said, keep ‘em flying.”