On July 21, 1861, Washingtonians trekked to the countryside near Manassas, Virginia, to watch Union and Confederate forces clash in the first major battle of the. Known in the North as the and in the South as the Battle of First Manassas, the military engagement also earned the nickname the 鈥減icnic battle鈥 because spectators showed up with sandwiches and opera glasses. These onlookers, who included a number of U.S. congressmen, expected a victory for the Union and a swift end to the war that had begun three months before.
Instead, the battle that day resulted in a bloody defeat for the Union and sent the picnickers scrambling to safety.
On July 16, federal forces led by Brigadier General Irvin McDowell began marching from the nation鈥檚 capital toward the strategic railroad junction at Manassas, some 30 miles away, where Confederate troops commanded by General had amassed. Five days later, ordinary citizens鈥攁long with various U.S. senators and representatives, reporters and the photographer , who went on to become famous for his images of the war鈥攁rrived in the area to check out the action. Many people parked themselves near Centreville, Virginia, several miles from the actual fighting.
The battle got off to a promising start for the Yankees; however, the Confederates soon called in reinforcements and counterattacked. Later that afternoon, Union troops, who like their opponents were poorly trained, began to withdraw. Some soldiers panicked and ran from the battlefield, and the spectators鈥 amusing summer outing turned chaotic. Civilians hustled back to Washington along with retreating Union troops. Some legislators attempted to stem the tide.
A senator from Michigan tried to block the main road to Washington while one from Ohio grabbed a gun and threatened to shoot any deserters. Henry Wilson, a senator from Massachusetts and a future vice president took pity on the fleeing soldiers, passing out sandwiches as they passed by. Confederate forces were in too much disarray to go after the Yankee army, although rebel soldiers took a congressman, Alfred Ely of New York, prisoner.
Out of more than 28,000 Union soldiers at the First Battle of Bull Run, over 2,800 were killed, wounded, missing or captured; of the more than 32,000 Confederates, there were over 1,900 casualties. The battle showed Congress and President that the Civil War would be much lengthier and tougher than they鈥檇 anticipated.
